Mexico Under Siege

DRUG CARTELS' NEW WEAPONRY MEANS WAR

Narcotics traffickers are acquiring firepower more appropriate to an
army -- including grenade launchers and antitank rockets -- and the
police are feeling outgunned.

Reporting from Zihuatanejo, Mexico, and Mexico City -- It was a
brazen assault, not just because it targeted the city's police
station, but for the choice of weapon: grenades.

The Feb. 21 attack on police headquarters in coastal Zihuatanejo,
which injured four people, fit a disturbing trend of Mexico's drug
wars. Traffickers have escalated their arms race, acquiring
military-grade weapons, including hand grenades, grenade launchers,
armor-piercing munitions and antitank rockets with firepower far
beyond the assault rifles and pistols that have dominated their arsenals.

Most of these weapons are being smuggled from Central American
countries or by sea, eluding U.S. and Mexican monitors who are
focused on the smuggling of semiauto-matic and conventional weapons
purchased from dealers in the U.S. border states of Texas, New
Mexico, Arizona and California.

The proliferation of heavier armaments points to a menacing new stage
in the Mexican government's 2-year-old war against drug
organizations, which are evolving into a more militarized force
prepared to take on Mexican army troops, deployed by the thousands,
as well as to attack each other.

These groups appear to be taking advantage of a robust global black
market and porous borders, especially between Mexico and Guatemala.
Some of the weapons are left over from the wars that the United
States helped fight in Central America, U.S. officials said.

"There is an arms race between the cartels," said Alberto Islas, a
security consultant who advises the Mexican government.

"One group gets rocket-propelled grenades, the other has to have them."

There are even more ominous developments: Authorities reported three
thefts of several hundred pounds of blasting material from industrial
explosives plants in Durango during a four-day period last month.
Authorities believe the material may have been destined for car bombs
or remotely detonated roadside devices, which have been used with
devastating effect in Iraq, killing more than 1,822 members of
U.S.-led forces since the war there began nearly six years ago.

The Mexican army has recovered most of the material, and there has
been no reported use of such devices.

Grenades or military-grade weapons have been reported in at least 10
Mexican states during the last six months, used against police
headquarters, city halls, a U.S. consulate, TV stations and senior
Mexican officials. In a three-week period ended March 6, five grenade
attacks were launched on police patrols and stations and the home of
a commander in the south-central state of Michoacan. Other such
attacks occurred in five other states during the same period.

At least one grenade attack north of the border, at a Texas nightclub
frequented by U.S. police officers, has been tied to Mexican traffickers.

How many weapons have been smuggled into Mexico from Central America
is not known, and the military-grade munitions are still a small
fraction of the larger arsenal in the hands of narcotics traffickers.
Mexican officials continue to push Washington to stem the
well-documented flow of conventional weapons from the United States,
as Congress holds hearings on the role those smuggled guns play in
arming Mexican drug cartels.

There is no comprehensive data on how many people have been killed by
heavier weapons.

But four days after the assault on the Zihuatanejo police station,
four of the city's officers were slain in a highway ambush six miles
from town on the road to Acapulco. In addition to the standard AK-47
and AR-15 assault rifles, the attackers fired at least six
.50-caliber shells into the officers' pickup. The vehicle blew up
when hit by what experts believe was a grenade or explosive
projectile. The bodies of the officers were charred.

"These are really weapons of war," said Alberto Fernandez, spokesman
for the Zihuatanejo city government. "We only know these devices from
war movies."

U.S. law enforcement officials say they detected the smuggling of
grenades and other military-grade equipment into Mexico about a year
and a half ago, and observed a sharp uptick in the use of the weapons
about six months ago.

The Mexican government said it has seized 2,239 grenades in the last
two years, in contrast to 59 seized over the previous two years.

The enhanced weaponry represents a wide sampling from the
international arms bazaar, with grenades and launchers produced by
U.S., South Korean, Israeli, Spanish or former Soviet bloc
manufacturers. Many had been sold legally to governments, including
Mexico's, and then were diverted onto the black market. Some may be
sold directly to the traffickers by corrupt elements of national
armies, authorities and experts say.

The single deadliest attack on civilians by drug traffickers in
Mexico took place Sept. 15 at an Independence Day celebration in the
central plaza of Morelia, hometown of President Felipe Calderon and
capital of Michoacan. Attackers hurled fragmentation grenades at the
celebrating crowd, killing eight people and wounding dozens more.

Amid the recent spate of attacks in Michoacan, federal police on Feb.
20 announced the discovery of 66 fragmentation grenades in the fake
bottom of a truck intercepted in southern Mexico, just over the
border from Guatemala. The two men arrested with the cargo told
police they were transporting the grenades to Morelia.

Grenades used in three attacks in Monterrey and Texas were linked to
a single Monterrey warehouse, packed with explosives and high-caliber
guns, reportedly belonging to the Gulf cartel. Mexican authorities
raided the warehouse in October and seized the cache, which contained
South Korean-manufactured grenades similar to the American M67
fragmentation grenade.

Grenades from the same lot were used in a Jan. 6 attack on the
Televisa television station in Monterrey, which caused damage but no
injuries, and during an Oct. 12 attack against the U.S. Consulate in
Monterrey. The device at the consulate did not detonate.

Late on the night of Jan. 31, a Saturday, a man tossed a grenade into
the El Booty Lounge in Pharr, Texas. Three off-duty Texas police
officers were there, though authorities would not say whether they
were the target. The explosive, which did not detonate, was traced to
the Monterrey warehouse.

Traffickers using M203 40-millimeter grenade launchers last year
attacked and killed eight Mexican federal police officers in
Culiacan, the capital of Sinaloa state. In the northern border city
of Nogales, the Sonora state police commander was killed Nov. 2 in an
ambush by purported traffickers firing AK-47s and lobbing grenades.
He had been returning from a meeting with U.S. authorities in Arizona
to discuss gun smuggling.

In the western state of Durango, three people, including a 3-year-old
child, were killed in a grenade attack in January.

The firepower has gone beyond grenades. Armed with light antitank
weapons, would-be assassins went after the nation's top
counternarcotics prosecutor in December 2007. The assailants were
intercepted before they reached Jose Luis Santiago Vasconcelos, who
was not hurt. The weapons seized were linked to the notorious Sinaloa cartel.

"They were betting on being able to escalate with a spectacular
strike precisely to terrify society," Santiago Vasconcelos said at
the time. (He was killed in November in a plane crash.)

Beyond the weaponry, drug gangs for several years have demonstrated
the ability to form squads and employ military tactics, including the
use of assault rifles, hand grenades, grenade launchers and fully
automatic weapons to pin down army forces. This has enabled them to
attack army patrols frontally, as they did with lethal results Feb. 7
in the central state of Zacatecas, killing one sergeant and
critically wounding a colonel.

"At this stage, the drug cartels are using basic infantry weaponry to
counter government forces," a U.S. government official in Mexico
said. "Encountering criminals with this kind of weaponry is a horse
of a different color," the official said.

"It's not your typical patrol stop, where someone pulls a gun. This
has all the makings of an infantry squad, or guerrilla fighting."

The fear of guerrilla warfare was compounded in February when 270
pounds of dynamite and several hundred electric detonators were
stolen from a U.S. firm in the state of Durango. On Valentine's Day,
about 20 masked gunmen, led by a heavyset man wearing gold rings and
chains, stormed the warehouse of a subsidiary of Austin Powder Co.,
an industrial explosives manufacturer, according to official
accounts. They overpowered guards and emptied the warehouse. Two
similar thefts were reported within four days in the same area.

Although the Mexican army recovered most of the dynamite, the
incident augurs an even bloodier trend, officials said.

"There is only one reason to have bulk explosives," said Thomas G.
Mangan, spokesman in Phoenix for the U.S. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco,
Firearms and Explosives. "An improvised explosive device. A car bomb."

In addition to grenades, high-powered guns such as the .50-caliber
Barrett sniper rifle have become a weapon of choice in narcotics
traffickers' arsenals, Mangan said. Unlike grenades and antitank
weapons, the .50-caliber guns can be obtained by ordinary citizens in
the U.S. and smuggled easily into Mexico, like the tons of assault
rifles and automatic pistols.

Mexican law enforcement, such as the police in Zihuatanejo, is
grossly outgunned. Officers have protested, seeking better protective
gear, weaponry and pay.

Shortly after the Zihuatanejo attacks, police officers staged a brief
work stoppage outside their headquarters, where scars from the
grenade attack were still visible. One of the blasts left a cereal
bowl-shaped divot in the stone pavement and pockmarks on the front of
the police building. It went off 100 feet from the nearest street,
prompting some officers to suspect that the assailants employed a
grenade launcher.

Police have piled sandbags 4 feet high around the compound and
security is tight. Commanders have bought 10 bulletproof vests, but
say they need at least 280 to equip the city's 343 officers.

The police commander, Pablo Rodriguez, said his officers are
terrified. They are armed with semiautomatic .223-caliber rifles made
in Italy, Germany and Mexico. The rifles, with folding stocks, are
snazzy, but they are no match for the weapons being stockpiled by the
drug cartels.

"They are good weapons, but to counteract the types of weapons
they're using against us, they're not equal," Rodriguez said.

His officers know they don't stand a chance. Not five days after the
highway attack that blew up the police truck, Rodriguez had jobs to
fill. Twenty-two of his cops had abruptly quit.